Most diarrheal states are self-limited and pose no special diagnostic problem. They are often due to dietary indiscretions or mild gastrointestinal infections. The following list of the causes of diarrhea is indicative of the extensive diagnostic evaluation that may be required in patients with unexplained, profound or chronic diarrhea.

The many causes for diarrhea may be briefly outlined as follows:
Functional disorders including adaptive colitis, allergy to ingested food and drugs, defective gastric or pancreatic digestion, defective absorption, vitamin deficiencies and abuse of cathartics.

Generalized disorder or disease affecting the intestine, including uremia, Graves' disease, Addison's disease, cardiac decompensation, portal hypertension, neurologic disease and poisoning with heavy metals.

Intrinsic disease of the intestine, due to: A. Specific viral, bacterial and fungal infection, protozoan, or metazoan parasites; B. Alterations in intestinal flora, antimicrobial therapy, fistula, blind loops, or small intestinal stasis; C: Nonspecific inflammatory disease such as regional enteritis or ulcerative colitis; or D. Benign or malignant tumors and other causes of partial intestinal obstruction.

In traditional Chinese medicine, diarrhea is thought to be caused by inability of the body to regulate water, resulting in stasis of dampness in the stomach and intestine, or in the spleen. In diarrhea, kidney, large intestine and liver are often involved.

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