An estimated 10 - 15% of all women in their reproductive years have chronic gynecologic problems. Nearly 30% of women reporting such problems spend one or more days in bed per year because of them. In fact, menstrual pain is the primary cause of short-term absences in school age girls. In adult women, who have not received treatment, it is an important cause of reduced work productivity.

Anemia
Menorrhagia is the most common cause of anemia in premenopausal women. According to one report, 10% of women in their reproductive years have iron deficiencies, and between 2 - 5% have iron levels low enough to cause anemia. Although poor diets play a role in many cases, the problem is compounded in women who have heavy periods.

Most cases of anemia are mild. Nevertheless, even mild anemia can reduce oxygen transport in the blood, causing fatigue and a diminished physical capacity. (In fact, some studies indicate that even iron deficiency without anemia can produce a subtle but still lower capacity for exercise.) Moderate to severe iron-deficiency anemia is known to reduce endurance.

Moderate to severe anemia can also cause shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, lightheadedness, headaches, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), irritability, pale skin, restless legs syndrome, and mental confusion. Heart problems can occur in prolonged and severe anemia that is not treated. Pregnant women who are anemic, particularly in the first trimester, have an increased risk for a poor pregnancy outcome.

Osteoporosis
Amenorrhea caused by reduced estrogen levels increases the risk for osteoporosis (loss of bone density). Conditions that are associated with low estrogen levels include eating disorders, the female-athlete triad (excessive exercise and weight loss), pituitary tumors, and premature ovarian failure. Because bone growth is at its peak in adolescence and young adulthood, losing bone density at that time is very dangerous and early diagnosis and treatment is essential for long-term health. [For more information, see In-Depth Report #18: Osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by progressive loss of bone density, thinning of bone tissue and increased vulnerability to fractures. Osteoporosis may result from disease, dietary or hormonal deficiency or advanced age. Regular exercise and vitamin and mineral supplements can reduce and even reverse loss of bone density.

Infertility
Some conditions associated with heavy bleeding, such as ovulation abnormalities, fibroids, or endometriosis, are important contributors to infertility. Many conditions that cause amenorrhea, such as ovulation abnormalities and polycystic ovary syndrome, can also cause infertility. Irregular periods from any cause may make it more difficult to conceive. In some cases treating the underlying condition can restore fertility. In other cases, specific fertility treatments that use assisted reproductive technologies may be beneficial. For more information, see In-Depth Report #22: Infertility in Women.